Plastids originated from which of the following groups of bacteria

Diverse environmental stresses and developmental signals including ripening could also trigger chromoplast development through the induction of carotenoid biosynthesis Bouvier et al. From the overview of diverse representative, sophisticate adjustment of plastid interconversion revealed as essential element for multiple agronomic traits.

Not only the photosynthesis related yield potential, many plant-derived biproducts including starch, lipid, protein and secondary metabolites have been determined by development and interconversion of plastid.

Although, under the demands from the plants are continuously increased with limited environmental condition, this review suggest the study of plastid can be the breakthrough solution and supports the plastid research by representative scientific reports of plastid interconversion types and core regulators for molecular modification candidates.

Finally, the candidates from the well summarized molecular pathway for plastid interconversion can be applied as target gene for improving multiple agronomic traits which are related to plastid interconversion.

S-HH designed the concept and the organization of the manuscript. HC and TY wrote and edited the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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Download references. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Ochoa de Alda. Alignment used for the reconstruction of phylogenetic trees Fig.

Concatenated sequences for small and large ribosomal subunits trimmed for reliable characters using Gblock 13 under default less stringent conditions Parameter used: Minimum number of sequences for a conserved position: 20; Minimum number of sequences for a flanking position: 32; Maximum number of contiguous nonconserved positions: 8; Minimum length of a block: 5; Allowed gap positions: With half.

TXT kb. Stringent trimming. TXT 47 kb. Identification of potential cyanobacterial orthologs in eukaryotes. Cyanobacterial core genes sorted out by COG categories with their protein variability as originally described 14 Supplementary Table 2 : informational purple , ribosomal pink and photosynthetic genes green are color shaded.

A "d" indicates duplication, "dc" duplicated paralogs or "da" if at least one copy clusters with cyanobacteria. The Central Core CC of 38 genes corresponds to the set maintained in all photosynthetic eukaryotes. XLS kb. Assesment of orthology. Cyanobacterial core genes sorted out by COG categories as originally described, Supplementary Table 2 14 : informational purple , ribosomal pink and photosynthetic genes green are color shaded. Gloeobacter GI numbers are used to identify the genes.

Dataset columns show: the 38 core genes retained in all plastids CC , the 68 core genes present simultaneously in Physcomitrella patens, Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Cyanidioschyzon merolae PCD , the 48 genes subset of PCD CyPlas congruent with at least one cyanobacterial species tree Supplementary Fig. Small rRNA sequences from cyanobacteria. Alignment used for the reconstruction of a guide tree Supplementary Fig.

TXT 53 kb. Concatenated large and small rRNA sequences from cyanobacteria. Concatenated protein phylogenetic markers from cyanobacteria.

Subset of 13 sequences derived from Cicarelli's sequences 15 used for the reconstruction of a guide tree Supplementary Fig. Concatenated large and small rRNA sequences from plastid and cyanobacteria. Alignment used for the reconstruction of a guide tree Fig. Concatenated CyPlas-dataset. Subset of 48 cyanobacterial core sequences aligned with the corresponding homologous proteins from three photosynthetic eukaryotes, and trimmed and concatenated for the reconstruction of guide trees Fig.

Individual CyPlas-dataset phylogenies. Phylogenetic trees used for the reconstruction of consensus tree as guide for the evolution of plastid and cyanobacteria Fig. Gloeobacter GI numbers of core genes are used to identify the trees. TXT 62 kb. Concatenated PBTopo-dataset used for the reconstruction of phylogenetic Fig. Subset of 33 cyanobacterial core sequences aligned with the corresponding homologous proteins from three photosynthetic eukaryotes, and trimmed and concatenated for the reconstruction of a guide tree for the evolution of plastid and cyanobacteria.

Alignment used for the reconstruction of phylogenetic tree Supplementary Fig. Dataset includes 3 Melainabacteria, cyanobacteria, Paulinella chromatophora and 14 plastids.

Alignment used for the reconstruction of phylogenetic tree Fig. This alignment derived from Supplementary Data 17 after mitigation of compositional bias to two standard deviations using Phylobayes TXT 70 kb. TXT 88 kb. Reduction of dataset complexity by character trimming, and suppression of sources of redundancy and compositional heterogeneity places the plastid branching point close to group A.

Datasets originate from a multiple alignment of concatenated sequences of small and large ribosomal subunits Supplementary Data This resulted in a multiple alignment of 99 sequences that was further trimmed using BMGE under default dataset 2 or stringent conditions dataset 8.

Suppression of seven fast evolving eukaryotes from dataset 2 or dataset 8 resulted in dataset 3 and 9 respectively. Dataset 5 was obtained from dataset 1 after removing outgroups MEL A1, B1 and B2 and a stringent trimming of the resulting multiple alignment of sequences Supplementary Data Suppression of five fast evolving eukaryotes from this multiple alignment and further stringent trimming resulted in dataset 6. Phylobayes was used to reduce compositional heterogeneity 2z of dataset 5 to obtain dataset 7 and dataset 8 to obtain dataset Branching points correspond to the letters close to the nodes of Supplementary Fig.

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Advanced search. Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature. Download PDF. Subjects Evolution Phylogenomics. Abstract The primary endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts is now well established but the identification of the present cyanobacteria most closely related to the plastid ancestor remains debated.

You have full access to this article via your institution. Introduction The appearance of free oxygen in the atmosphere results from an evolutionary biological breakthrough, and probably represents the most important biogeological event in Earth history. Figure 1: Phylogenetic position of endosymbiotic events inferred from rRNA sequences. Full size image. Results The debate on plastid ancestor Single-loci phylogenetic reconstructions return an extremely large confidence set of trees 21 , supporting both a deep 22 and a recent 4 , 12 origin for plastids Supplementary Fig.

Table 1 Relevance of accounting for site heterogeneity during phylogenetic reconstructions. Full size table. Figure 2: Selection of phylomarkers for phylogeny of cyanobacteria and plastids. Table 2 Set of 33 cyanobacterial core genes selected.